{
 "title": "Glossary of jesseahawkins.com",
 "url": "https://jesseahawkins.com/glossary/",
 "terms": [
  {
   "id": "ai-exposure",
   "term": "AI exposure category",
   "abbreviation": null,
   "definition": "The group, from Low to Very high, that BLS gives an occupation by how much of its work AI could do or already does, ranked against other occupations. BLS says that exposure does not imply job loss.",
   "url": "https://jesseahawkins.com/glossary/#ai-exposure",
   "usedIn": [
    "home",
    "jobs"
   ],
   "source": {
    "publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program",
    "title": "AI exposure categories and 2025–35 employment projections",
    "url": "https://www.bls.gov/emp/publications/ai-exposure-categories.htm",
    "licence": "Public domain (U.S. government work)"
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "ai-supercomputer",
   "term": "AI supercomputer",
   "abbreviation": null,
   "definition": "One cluster of AI chips on one campus, joined by a high-bandwidth network. Epoch AI stopped adding to its list of them, and the newest went into operation in July 2025.",
   "url": "https://jesseahawkins.com/glossary/#ai-supercomputer",
   "usedIn": [
    "home",
    "buildout",
    "companies",
    "chips"
   ],
   "source": {
    "publisher": "Epoch AI",
    "title": "Data on GPU clusters",
    "url": "https://epoch.ai/data/gpu-clusters",
    "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "arena-score",
   "term": "Arena score",
   "abbreviation": null,
   "definition": "A rating fitted with the Bradley-Terry model to people’s votes between two anonymous models. Two scores whose 95% confidence bounds overlap do not show a clear lead.",
   "url": "https://jesseahawkins.com/glossary/#arena-score",
   "usedIn": [
    "frontier"
   ],
   "source": {
    "publisher": "LMArena",
    "title": "Arena leaderboard dataset",
    "url": "https://huggingface.co/datasets/lmarena-ai/leaderboard-dataset",
    "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "average-selling-price",
   "term": "Average selling price",
   "abbreviation": "ASP",
   "definition": "What a company received, on average, for each unit it sold. Micron gives the change in it for DRAM and NAND each quarter, beside the change in bits shipped.",
   "url": "https://jesseahawkins.com/glossary/#average-selling-price",
   "usedIn": [
    "chips"
   ],
   "source": {
    "publisher": "U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, EDGAR",
    "title": "Micron Technology, Inc., quarterly reports on Form 10-Q: what each says about DRAM and NAND sales",
    "url": "https://www.sec.gov/cgi-bin/browse-edgar?action=getcompany&CIK=723125&type=10-Q",
    "licence": "public domain"
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "balancing-authority",
   "term": "Balancing authority",
   "abbreviation": null,
   "definition": "The operator that keeps supply and demand matched on one part of the grid, such as PJM or ERCOT. EIA reports what each one generates by source every hour, and this site calls each one a grid.",
   "url": "https://jesseahawkins.com/glossary/#balancing-authority",
   "usedIn": [
    "buildout",
    "power"
   ],
   "source": {
    "publisher": "U.S. Energy Information Administration",
    "title": "Hourly Electric Grid Monitor (Form EIA-930): net generation by energy source, by balancing authority",
    "url": "https://www.eia.gov/electricity/gridmonitor/",
    "licence": "Public domain (U.S. government work)"
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "bit-shipments",
   "term": "Bit shipments",
   "abbreviation": null,
   "definition": "The memory a maker shipped, counted in bits rather than in chips, so that a denser chip counts for more.",
   "url": "https://jesseahawkins.com/glossary/#bit-shipments",
   "usedIn": [
    "chips"
   ],
   "source": {
    "publisher": "U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, EDGAR",
    "title": "Micron Technology, Inc., quarterly reports on Form 10-Q: what each says about DRAM and NAND sales",
    "url": "https://www.sec.gov/cgi-bin/browse-edgar?action=getcompany&CIK=723125&type=10-Q",
    "licence": "public domain"
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "capacity-price",
   "term": "Capacity price",
   "abbreviation": null,
   "definition": "What PJM pays power plants and other resources to be available in a future year, set by its base residual auction, in dollars per megawatt-day. Utilities in PJM pass the cost on to customers’ bills.",
   "url": "https://jesseahawkins.com/glossary/#capacity-price",
   "usedIn": [
    "chips",
    "power"
   ],
   "source": {
    "publisher": "PJM Interconnection, L.L.C.",
    "title": "Reliability Pricing Model",
    "url": "https://www.pjm.com/markets-and-operations/rpm",
    "licence": "Figures cited from public reports"
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "capacity-utilization",
   "term": "Capacity utilization",
   "abbreviation": null,
   "definition": "An industry’s output as a percent of its capacity, from the Federal Reserve’s G.17 release. This site follows it for makers of chips and other electronic components.",
   "url": "https://jesseahawkins.com/glossary/#capacity-utilization",
   "usedIn": [
    "records"
   ],
   "source": {
    "publisher": "Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System",
    "title": "G.17 Industrial Production and Capacity Utilization",
    "url": "https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/g17/default.htm",
    "licence": "Public domain"
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "capital-cost",
   "term": "Capital cost",
   "abbreviation": null,
   "definition": "Epoch AI’s estimate of what a data center costs to build and equip, in US dollars of 2025. Epoch models it from the site’s IT power with a cost per watt.",
   "url": "https://jesseahawkins.com/glossary/#capital-cost",
   "usedIn": [
    "buildout"
   ],
   "source": {
    "publisher": "Epoch AI",
    "title": "AI data centers",
    "url": "https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers",
    "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "capital-intensity",
   "term": "Capital intensity",
   "abbreviation": null,
   "definition": "Capital spending over revenue: the share of what a company sells that it puts back into plants and tools. A chip maker runs far higher than a chip designer.",
   "url": "https://jesseahawkins.com/glossary/#capital-intensity",
   "usedIn": [
    "chips"
   ],
   "source": {
    "publisher": "U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission",
    "title": "SEC EDGAR XBRL financial data of chip companies",
    "url": "https://www.sec.gov/search-filings/edgar-application-programming-interfaces",
    "licence": "public domain"
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "capex",
   "term": "Capital spending",
   "abbreviation": "capex",
   "definition": "What a company paid in a quarter for property and equipment, as the investing part of its cash-flow statement reports it. Each company names the line in its own way.",
   "url": "https://jesseahawkins.com/glossary/#capex",
   "usedIn": [
    "home",
    "buildout",
    "records",
    "companies"
   ],
   "source": {
    "publisher": "Company filings: SEC EDGAR and HKEXnews",
    "title": "Quarterly capital expenditure of cloud and AI infrastructure companies",
    "url": "https://data.sec.gov/api/xbrl/companyfacts/",
    "licence": "Public filings; figures cited to each filing"
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "chip-plant",
   "term": "Chip plant",
   "abbreviation": null,
   "definition": "A semiconductor fabrication plant, as Wikipedia’s list of them gives it. The list says it is incomplete, so this site maps and counts the plants and compares nothing else.",
   "url": "https://jesseahawkins.com/glossary/#chip-plant",
   "usedIn": [
    "home",
    "machine",
    "companies"
   ],
   "source": {
    "publisher": "Wikipedia contributors",
    "title": "List of semiconductor fabrication plants",
    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_semiconductor_fabrication_plants&oldid=1379416921",
    "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0"
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "chiplet",
   "term": "Chiplet",
   "abbreviation": null,
   "definition": "One of several smaller dies, each tested before assembly, that are joined in one package to work as one chip.",
   "url": "https://jesseahawkins.com/glossary/#chiplet",
   "usedIn": [
    "chips"
   ],
   "source": {
    "publisher": "jesseahawkins.com",
    "title": "The die and package cost lab: fixed figures and assumptions",
    "url": "https://jesseahawkins.com/chips/cost/",
    "licence": "Facts, with short quotations from each source page"
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "cloud-region",
   "term": "Cloud region",
   "abbreviation": null,
   "definition": "A place where a public cloud provider runs data centers under one region name, as the provider’s own list gives it. A region is live once the provider lists it as open, and announced before that.",
   "url": "https://jesseahawkins.com/glossary/#cloud-region",
   "usedIn": [
    "home",
    "buildout",
    "companies"
   ],
   "source": {
    "publisher": "AWS, Microsoft, Google, Oracle and the other providers",
    "title": "Each provider’s own list of its regions",
    "url": "https://jesseahawkins.com/buildout/#source",
    "licence": "Facts; no licence applies"
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "defect-density",
   "term": "Defect density",
   "abbreviation": null,
   "definition": "The number of killing defects a process leaves per square centimetre of wafer. The larger a die, the likelier it is to catch one, so fewer large dies work.",
   "url": "https://jesseahawkins.com/glossary/#defect-density",
   "usedIn": [
    "chips"
   ],
   "source": {
    "publisher": "jesseahawkins.com",
    "title": "The die and package cost lab: fixed figures and assumptions",
    "url": "https://jesseahawkins.com/chips/cost/",
    "licence": "Facts, with short quotations from each source page"
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "delivery-year",
   "term": "Delivery year",
   "abbreviation": null,
   "definition": "The twelve months from June to May that one PJM capacity auction buys for, written as 2024/25.",
   "url": "https://jesseahawkins.com/glossary/#delivery-year",
   "usedIn": [
    "power"
   ],
   "source": {
    "publisher": "PJM Interconnection, L.L.C.",
    "title": "Reliability Pricing Model",
    "url": "https://www.pjm.com/markets-and-operations/rpm",
    "licence": "Figures cited from public reports"
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "diffusion-index",
   "term": "Diffusion index",
   "abbreviation": null,
   "definition": "The share of a set of measures that are improving at one time. It shows how broad a turn is, not how large.",
   "url": "https://jesseahawkins.com/glossary/#diffusion-index",
   "usedIn": [
    "chips"
   ],
   "source": {
    "publisher": "Federal Reserve Board, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics and U.S. Census Bureau, via FRED (Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis)",
    "title": "US chip-cycle series, via FRED",
    "url": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/",
    "licence": "public domain (US government statistics)"
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "entity-list",
   "term": "Entity List",
   "abbreviation": null,
   "definition": "The US list of parties abroad that need a licence to receive items subject to the Export Administration Regulations. The Bureau of Industry and Security keeps it.",
   "url": "https://jesseahawkins.com/glossary/#entity-list",
   "usedIn": [
    "chips"
   ],
   "source": {
    "publisher": "U.S. Government Publishing Office (eCFR) and the Office of the Federal Register",
    "title": "Entity List history, and the rules of the Bureau of Industry and Security",
    "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-15/subtitle-B/chapter-VII/subchapter-C/part-744/appendix-Supplement%20No.%204%20to%20Part%20744",
    "licence": "public domain"
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "facility-power",
   "term": "Facility power",
   "abbreviation": null,
   "definition": "IT power plus the power for cooling and other overhead, which is what the whole site draws. The megawatts of a data center on this site are facility power.",
   "url": "https://jesseahawkins.com/glossary/#facility-power",
   "usedIn": [
    "buildout",
    "power",
    "machine"
   ],
   "source": {
    "publisher": "Epoch AI",
    "title": "AI data centers",
    "url": "https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers",
    "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "fdp-rule",
   "term": "Foreign direct product rule",
   "abbreviation": null,
   "definition": "A rule that extends US export controls to items made abroad with US technology. Some Entity List entries carry it, which reaches chips and chip tools made outside the US.",
   "url": "https://jesseahawkins.com/glossary/#fdp-rule",
   "usedIn": [
    "chips"
   ],
   "source": {
    "publisher": "U.S. Government Publishing Office (eCFR) and the Office of the Federal Register",
    "title": "Entity List history, and the rules of the Bureau of Industry and Security",
    "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-15/subtitle-B/chapter-VII/subchapter-C/part-744/appendix-Supplement%20No.%204%20to%20Part%20744",
    "licence": "public domain"
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "framework",
   "term": "Framework",
   "abbreviation": null,
   "definition": "Any other nuclear agreement: a development agreement, an option, a memorandum, a target or a plan that waits for a regulator.",
   "url": "https://jesseahawkins.com/glossary/#framework",
   "usedIn": [
    "power",
    "companies"
   ],
   "source": {
    "publisher": "The parties to each agreement",
    "title": "Their own releases, as Nuclear power for AI lists them",
    "url": "https://jesseahawkins.com/power/nuclear/",
    "licence": "Facts, with short quotations"
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "gross-margin",
   "term": "Gross margin",
   "abbreviation": null,
   "definition": "Revenue less the cost of making what was sold, as a share of revenue. For a memory maker it rises and falls with memory prices.",
   "url": "https://jesseahawkins.com/glossary/#gross-margin",
   "usedIn": [
    "chips"
   ],
   "source": {
    "publisher": "U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission",
    "title": "SEC EDGAR XBRL quarterly figures of the memory makers that file with the SEC",
    "url": "https://www.sec.gov/search-filings/edgar-application-programming-interfaces",
    "licence": "public domain"
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "h100e",
   "term": "H100-equivalent",
   "abbreviation": "H100e",
   "definition": "A unit of computing power: the peak operations per second of a cluster divided by those of one Nvidia H100 chip. Epoch AI treats it as a rough guide to scale.",
   "url": "https://jesseahawkins.com/glossary/#h100e",
   "usedIn": [
    "home",
    "buildout",
    "machine",
    "companies",
    "chips"
   ],
   "source": {
    "publisher": "Epoch AI",
    "title": "Data on GPU clusters",
    "url": "https://epoch.ai/data/gpu-clusters",
    "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "hhi",
   "term": "Herfindahl index",
   "abbreviation": "HHI",
   "definition": "How concentrated production is: the sum of each producer’s squared percent share. One producer scores 10,000; many small ones score near 0.",
   "url": "https://jesseahawkins.com/glossary/#hhi",
   "usedIn": [
    "chips"
   ],
   "source": {
    "publisher": "U.S. Geological Survey",
    "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 Data Release",
    "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/data/mineral-commodity-summaries-2026-data-release",
    "licence": "public domain"
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "hbm",
   "term": "High-bandwidth memory",
   "abbreviation": "HBM",
   "definition": "DRAM dies stacked on top of each other and set beside a chip on its interposer. NVIDIA’s H100 carries 5 stacks.",
   "url": "https://jesseahawkins.com/glossary/#hbm",
   "usedIn": [
    "chips"
   ],
   "source": {
    "publisher": "jesseahawkins.com",
    "title": "The die and package cost lab: fixed figures and assumptions",
    "url": "https://jesseahawkins.com/chips/cost/",
    "licence": "Facts, with short quotations from each source page"
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "home-power-price",
   "term": "Home power price",
   "abbreviation": null,
   "definition": "What homes paid for each kWh in a month: the revenue that utilities report from residential customers, divided by the electricity they sold them. EIA publishes both each month for each state.",
   "url": "https://jesseahawkins.com/glossary/#home-power-price",
   "usedIn": [
    "chips",
    "home",
    "power",
    "records"
   ],
   "source": {
    "publisher": "U.S. Energy Information Administration",
    "title": "Sales and revenue, monthly, by state (Form EIA-861M)",
    "url": "https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/eia861m/",
    "licence": "Public domain (U.S. government work)"
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "hs-code",
   "term": "HS code",
   "abbreviation": null,
   "definition": "A product code from the Harmonized System, the classification most countries use for trade. This site uses six-digit codes, such as 847150 for servers.",
   "url": "https://jesseahawkins.com/glossary/#hs-code",
   "usedIn": [
    "machine"
   ],
   "source": {
    "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
    "title": "International trade API, imports by HS code",
    "url": "https://api.census.gov/data/timeseries/intltrade/imports/hs",
    "licence": "public domain"
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "industrial-price",
   "term": "Industrial price",
   "abbreviation": null,
   "definition": "What industrial customers paid for each kWh: the revenue that utilities report from them, divided by the electricity they sold them. It is an average over every such customer, not a tariff.",
   "url": "https://jesseahawkins.com/glossary/#industrial-price",
   "usedIn": [
    "power",
    "chips"
   ],
   "source": {
    "publisher": "U.S. Energy Information Administration",
    "title": "Sales and revenue, monthly, by state (Form EIA-861M)",
    "url": "https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/eia861m/",
    "licence": "Public domain (U.S. government work)"
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "interposer",
   "term": "Interposer",
   "abbreviation": null,
   "definition": "The slab of silicon under a chip’s dies and its memory that wires them together. It is made on wafers of its own, with a coarser process than the dies.",
   "url": "https://jesseahawkins.com/glossary/#interposer",
   "usedIn": [
    "chips"
   ],
   "source": {
    "publisher": "jesseahawkins.com",
    "title": "The die and package cost lab: fixed figures and assumptions",
    "url": "https://jesseahawkins.com/chips/cost/",
    "licence": "Facts, with short quotations from each source page"
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "inventory-days",
   "term": "Inventory days",
   "abbreviation": null,
   "definition": "Stock at a year’s end over the year’s cost of revenue, times 365: how many days of sales a company holds. A rise can mean demand fell short of output.",
   "url": "https://jesseahawkins.com/glossary/#inventory-days",
   "usedIn": [
    "chips"
   ],
   "source": {
    "publisher": "U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission",
    "title": "SEC EDGAR XBRL financial data of chip companies",
    "url": "https://www.sec.gov/search-filings/edgar-application-programming-interfaces",
    "licence": "public domain"
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "it-power",
   "term": "IT power",
   "abbreviation": null,
   "definition": "The power that the servers, storage and network equipment of a data center draw. Epoch AI estimates it from satellite imagery, permits and company statements.",
   "url": "https://jesseahawkins.com/glossary/#it-power",
   "usedIn": [
    "buildout"
   ],
   "source": {
    "publisher": "Epoch AI",
    "title": "AI data centers",
    "url": "https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers",
    "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "job-postings-index",
   "term": "Job postings index",
   "abbreviation": null,
   "definition": "Indeed’s count of the job postings on its site, seasonally adjusted, as a seven-day average indexed to 100 on 1 February 2020.",
   "url": "https://jesseahawkins.com/glossary/#job-postings-index",
   "usedIn": [
    "jobs"
   ],
   "source": {
    "publisher": "Indeed Hiring Lab",
    "title": "Indeed Job Postings Index, United States: by occupational sector, and in total",
    "url": "https://github.com/hiring-lab/job_postings_tracker",
    "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "jolts",
   "term": "JOLTS",
   "abbreviation": null,
   "definition": "The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey: the BLS monthly count of job openings, hires and separations.",
   "url": "https://jesseahawkins.com/glossary/#jolts",
   "usedIn": [
    "jobs"
   ],
   "source": {
    "publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics",
    "title": "National labor market series: payrolls, unemployment, job openings, hires and layoffs",
    "url": "https://www.bls.gov/bls/newsrels.htm",
    "licence": "Public domain (U.S. government work)"
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "large-load-tariff",
   "term": "Large-load tariff",
   "abbreviation": null,
   "definition": "A utility’s terms for very large new loads such as data centers: the size that brings a load under them, the share of reserved power the customer pays for whether used or not, the shortest contract, and any exit fee or collateral.",
   "url": "https://jesseahawkins.com/glossary/#large-load-tariff",
   "usedIn": [
    "power"
   ],
   "source": {
    "publisher": "jesseahawkins.com, from the regulators' orders and releases and the utilities' own filings and tariff sheets",
    "title": "Large-load tariffs: the terms US utilities set for data centers, as their regulators and filings state them",
    "url": "https://jesseahawkins.com/power/tariffs/#every",
    "licence": "Facts, with short quotations from each source"
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "life-cycle-emissions",
   "term": "Life-cycle emissions",
   "abbreviation": null,
   "definition": "The greenhouse gases from building, fuelling and running a power source over its whole life, in grams of CO2-equivalent for each kWh it generates. Ember gives one factor for each source.",
   "url": "https://jesseahawkins.com/glossary/#life-cycle-emissions",
   "usedIn": [
    "power"
   ],
   "source": {
    "publisher": "Ember",
    "title": "Monthly Electricity Data and Yearly Electricity Data",
    "url": "https://ember-energy.org/data/monthly-electricity-data/",
    "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "load-factor",
   "term": "Load factor",
   "abbreviation": null,
   "definition": "A load’s average power over a period divided by its peak power in that period. A data center that draws its full power every hour of a year has the highest load factor there is.",
   "url": "https://jesseahawkins.com/glossary/#load-factor",
   "usedIn": [
    "power"
   ],
   "source": {
    "publisher": "U.S. Energy Information Administration",
    "title": "Glossary: load factor",
    "url": "https://www.eia.gov/tools/glossary/index.php?id=L",
    "licence": "Public domain"
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "naics",
   "term": "NAICS",
   "abbreviation": null,
   "definition": "The North American Industry Classification System, the list of industry codes that the US, Canada and Mexico share. Code 3344 is semiconductors and other electronic components.",
   "url": "https://jesseahawkins.com/glossary/#naics",
   "usedIn": [
    "machine",
    "records"
   ],
   "source": {
    "publisher": "Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System",
    "title": "G.17 Industrial Production and Capacity Utilization",
    "url": "https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/g17/default.htm",
    "licence": "Public domain"
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "nameplate-capacity",
   "term": "Nameplate capacity",
   "abbreviation": null,
   "definition": "The most power a generator is rated to make, in megawatts. EIA lists every generator of 1 MW or more by it; what a plant makes over a year is less.",
   "url": "https://jesseahawkins.com/glossary/#nameplate-capacity",
   "usedIn": [
    "power"
   ],
   "source": {
    "publisher": "U.S. Energy Information Administration",
    "title": "Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (Form EIA-860M)",
    "url": "https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/eia860m/",
    "licence": "Public domain (U.S. government work)"
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "net-import-reliance",
   "term": "Net import reliance",
   "abbreviation": null,
   "definition": "Imports minus exports, adjusted for changes in stocks, as a percent of what the US uses. USGS publishes it for each mineral.",
   "url": "https://jesseahawkins.com/glossary/#net-import-reliance",
   "usedIn": [
    "chips"
   ],
   "source": {
    "publisher": "U.S. Geological Survey",
    "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 Data Release",
    "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/data/mineral-commodity-summaries-2026-data-release",
    "licence": "public domain"
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "new-high",
   "term": "New high, new low",
   "abbreviation": null,
   "definition": "The newest reading of a series when it is above, or below, every earlier reading this site holds for it. The history starts where the site’s copy starts, and each statement names that start.",
   "url": "https://jesseahawkins.com/glossary/#new-high",
   "usedIn": [
    "chips",
    "home",
    "power",
    "records"
   ],
   "source": {
    "publisher": "This site",
    "title": "Records: how each series is ranked",
    "url": "https://jesseahawkins.com/records/",
    "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "open-weights",
   "term": "Open weights",
   "abbreviation": null,
   "definition": "A model whose trained weights its maker publishes for anyone to download and run. This site follows the licence that Arena lists for each model, and calls the others proprietary.",
   "url": "https://jesseahawkins.com/glossary/#open-weights",
   "usedIn": [
    "home",
    "frontier"
   ],
   "source": {
    "publisher": "LMArena",
    "title": "Arena leaderboard dataset",
    "url": "https://huggingface.co/datasets/lmarena-ai/leaderboard-dataset",
    "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "producer-price-index",
   "term": "Producer price index",
   "abbreviation": "PPI",
   "definition": "A BLS index of the prices that US makers receive for what they sell, by industry and by month.",
   "url": "https://jesseahawkins.com/glossary/#producer-price-index",
   "usedIn": [
    "machine",
    "records"
   ],
   "source": {
    "publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics",
    "title": "Producer Price Index, by industry: computer and electronic products",
    "url": "https://www.bls.gov/ppi/",
    "licence": "Public domain (U.S. government work)"
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "recent-graduates",
   "term": "Recent graduates",
   "abbreviation": null,
   "definition": "People aged 22 to 27 with a bachelor’s degree or higher, as the Federal Reserve Bank of New York defines them.",
   "url": "https://jesseahawkins.com/glossary/#recent-graduates",
   "usedIn": [
    "jobs",
    "records"
   ],
   "source": {
    "publisher": "Federal Reserve Bank of New York",
    "title": "The Labor Market for Recent College Graduates, unemployment rates",
    "url": "https://www.newyorkfed.org/research/college-labor-market",
    "licence": "No licence is stated for the file. The New York Fed asks to be cited as below; the site cites it on every page that shows it."
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "reticle-limit",
   "term": "Reticle limit",
   "abbreviation": null,
   "definition": "The largest area one exposure of a lithography scanner prints, 26 by 33 mm. One die cannot be larger, so the largest chips join several dies.",
   "url": "https://jesseahawkins.com/glossary/#reticle-limit",
   "usedIn": [
    "chips"
   ],
   "source": {
    "publisher": "jesseahawkins.com",
    "title": "The die and package cost lab: fixed figures and assumptions",
    "url": "https://jesseahawkins.com/chips/cost/",
    "licence": "Facts, with short quotations from each source page"
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "saturation",
   "term": "Saturation",
   "abbreviation": null,
   "definition": "A benchmark is saturated on the day a model first scores 90% on it. The saturation clock counts the days from the benchmark’s release to that day, from Epoch AI’s own runs.",
   "url": "https://jesseahawkins.com/glossary/#saturation",
   "usedIn": [
    "frontier"
   ],
   "source": {
    "publisher": "This site, from Epoch AI’s benchmark data",
    "title": "Frontier: the saturation clock",
    "url": "https://jesseahawkins.com/frontier/#clock",
    "licence": "CC BY 4.0"
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "seasonally-adjusted",
   "term": "Seasonally adjusted",
   "abbreviation": null,
   "definition": "Corrected for the usual pattern of the calendar, such as extra hiring before the holidays, so that a change from one month to the next shows a real move.",
   "url": "https://jesseahawkins.com/glossary/#seasonally-adjusted",
   "usedIn": [
    "machine",
    "jobs",
    "records"
   ],
   "source": {
    "publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics",
    "title": "What is seasonal adjustment?",
    "url": "https://www.bls.gov/cps/seasfaq.htm",
    "licence": "Public domain (U.S. government work)"
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "annual-rate",
   "term": "Seasonally adjusted annual rate",
   "abbreviation": null,
   "definition": "A month’s figure scaled to a full year and corrected for the season, so that any two months compare. The Census Bureau reports construction spending this way.",
   "url": "https://jesseahawkins.com/glossary/#annual-rate",
   "usedIn": [
    "buildout",
    "records",
    "chips"
   ],
   "source": {
    "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
    "title": "Construction Spending: Value of Private Construction Put in Place, Seasonally Adjusted Annual Rate",
    "url": "https://www.census.gov/construction/c30/",
    "licence": "Public domain"
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "soc",
   "term": "SOC code",
   "abbreviation": null,
   "definition": "A code from the Standard Occupational Classification, the US government’s list of occupations, such as 31-1120 for home health and personal care aides.",
   "url": "https://jesseahawkins.com/glossary/#soc",
   "usedIn": [
    "jobs"
   ],
   "source": {
    "publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Office of Occupational Statistics and Employment Projections",
    "title": "O*NET-SOC to National Employment Matrix (NEM) and Occupational Outlook Handbook coverage crosswalk",
    "url": "https://www.bls.gov/emp/documentation/crosswalks.htm",
    "licence": "Public domain (U.S. government work)"
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "under-contract",
   "term": "Under contract",
   "abbreviation": null,
   "definition": "A nuclear agreement that its own release calls a power purchase agreement, an energy purchase agreement or an offtake.",
   "url": "https://jesseahawkins.com/glossary/#under-contract",
   "usedIn": [
    "power",
    "companies"
   ],
   "source": {
    "publisher": "The parties to each agreement",
    "title": "Their own releases, as Nuclear power for AI lists them",
    "url": "https://jesseahawkins.com/power/nuclear/",
    "licence": "Facts, with short quotations"
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "unit-value",
   "term": "Unit value",
   "abbreviation": null,
   "definition": "The value of a trade flow over its quantity. On the memory desk it is what the EU’s importers paid for one chip: the value they declared over the count of pieces.",
   "url": "https://jesseahawkins.com/glossary/#unit-value",
   "usedIn": [
    "chips"
   ],
   "source": {
    "publisher": "Eurostat",
    "title": "EU trade since 1988 by HS2-4-6 and CN8 (DS-045409): imports of memory chips",
    "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/comext/newxtweb/",
    "licence": "Eurostat reuse policy: free reuse, commercial and non-commercial, with the source named and any change stated"
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "uprate",
   "term": "Uprate",
   "abbreviation": null,
   "definition": "More output from a reactor that is already running, after its owner upgrades it.",
   "url": "https://jesseahawkins.com/glossary/#uprate",
   "usedIn": [
    "power"
   ],
   "source": {
    "publisher": "The parties to each agreement",
    "title": "Their own releases, as Nuclear power for AI lists them",
    "url": "https://jesseahawkins.com/power/nuclear/",
    "licence": "Facts, with short quotations"
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "warn-notice",
   "term": "WARN notice",
   "abbreviation": null,
   "definition": "A notice that an employer must file before a plant closing or mass layoff, under the Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act. Since March 2025 the New York form asks whether AI or automation is a reason.",
   "url": "https://jesseahawkins.com/glossary/#warn-notice",
   "usedIn": [
    "ledger"
   ],
   "source": {
    "publisher": "New York State Department of Labor",
    "title": "WARN notices (Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification)",
    "url": "https://dol.ny.gov/warn-dashboard",
    "licence": "Public record. No licence is stated."
   }
  }
 ]
}